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3. Literaturangaben

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(31) Cohen S. Z., Creeger S. M., Carsel R.F., and Enfield C.G., (1984), "Potential pesticide contamination of groundwater from agricultural uses", in Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes, pp. 297-325, Acs Symp. Ser. 259, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

(32) Gustafson D. I., (1989), "Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability". J. Environ. Toxic. Chem., 8(4), pp. 339-357.

(33) Leistra M., and Dekkers W. A., (1976). "Computed effects of adsorption kinetics on pesticide movement in soils". J. of Soil Sci., 28, pp. 340-350.

(34) Bromilov R. H., and Leistra M., (1980), "Measured and simulated behavior of aldicarb and its oxydation products in fallow soils". Pest. Sci., 11, pp. 389-395.

(35) Green R. E., and Karickoff S. W., (1990), "Sorption estimates for modeling", in Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Process, Impacts and Modeling (ed. H.H. Cheng). Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Book Series no. 2, pp. 80-101,

(36) Lambert S. M., (1967), "Functional relationship between sorption in soil and chemical structure". J. Agri. Food Chem., 15, pp. 572-576.

(37) Hance R. J., (1969), "An empirical relationship between chemical structure and the sorption of some herbicides by soils". J. Agri. Food Chem., 17, pp. 667-668.

(38) Briggs G. G. (1969), "Molecular structure of herbicides and their sorption by soils". Nature, 223, 1288.

(39) Briggs G. G. (1981). "Theoretical and experimental relationships between soil adsorption, octanol-water partition coefficients, water solubilities, bioconcentration factors, and the parachor". J. Agric. Food Chem., 29, pp. 1050-1059.

(40) Sabljic A., (1984), "Predictions of the nature and strength of soil sorption of organic polutance by molecular topology". J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, pp. 243-246.

(41) Bailey G. W., and White J. L., (1970), "Factors influencing the adsorption, desorption, and movement of pesticides in soil". Residue Rev., 32, pp. 29-92.

(42) Bailey G. W., J. L. White and Y. Rothberg., (1968), "Adsorption of organic herbicides by montomorillonite: Role of pH and chemical character of adsorbate". Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32: pp. 222-234.

(43) Karickhoff S. W., (1981), "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils". Chemosphere 10, pp. 833-846.

(44) Paya-Perez A., Riaz M. and Larsen B., (1989), "Soil Sorption of 6 Chlorobenzenes and 20 PCB Congeners". Environ. Toxicol. Safety 21, pp. 1-17.

(45) Hamaker J. W., and Thompson J. M., (1972), "Adsorption in organic chemicals" in Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment (Goring C.A.I. and Hamaker J.W., eds), Vol I and II, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1972, pp. 49-143.

(46) Deli J., and Warren G. F., 1971, "Adsorption, desorption and leaching of diphenamid in soils". Weed Sci. 19: pp. 67-69.

(47) Chu-Huang Wu, Buehring N., Davinson J. M. and Santelmann, (1975), "Napropamide Adsorption, desorption and Movement in soils". Weed Science, Vol. 23, pp. 454-457.

(48) Haues M. H. B., Stacey M., and Thompson J. M., (1968), "Adsorption of s-triazine herbicides by soil organic preparations" in Isotopes and Radiation in Soil Organic Studies, p.75, International. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

(49) Pionke H. B., and Deangelis R. J., (1980), "Methods for distributing pesticide loss in field run-off between the solution and adsorbed phase", CREAMS, in a Field Scale Model for Chemicals, Run-off and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems, Chapter 19, Vol. III: Supporting Documentation, USDa Conservation Research report.

(50) ISO Standard Compendium Environment: Soil Quality - General aspects; chemical and physical methods of analysis; biological methods of analysis. First Edition (1994).

(51) Scheffer F., and Schachtschabel, Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde, F. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart (1982), 11th edition.

(52) Black, Evans D. D., White J. L., Ensminger L. E., and Clark F. E., eds. "Methods of Soil Analysis", Vol 1 and 2, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1982.

(53) ISO/DIS 10381-1 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes.

(54) ISO/DIS 10381-2 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques.

(55) ISO/DIS 10381-3 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on safety of sampling.

(56) ISO/DIS 10381-4 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 4: Guidance on the investigation of natural and cultivated soils.

(57) ISO/DIS 10381-5 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 5: Guidance on the investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites.

(58) ISO 10381-6, 1993: Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory.

(59) Green R. E., and Yamane V. K., (1970), "Precision in pesticide adsorption measurements". Soil Sci. Am. Proc., 34, pp. 353-354.

(60) Grover R., and Hance R. J. (1970), "Effect of ratio of soil to water on adsorption of linuron and atrazine". Soil Sci., pp. 109-138.

(61) Boesten, J. J. T. I, "Influence of soil/liquid ratio on the experimental error of sorption coefficients in pesticide/soil system". Pest. Sci. 1990, 30, pp. 31-41.

(62) Boesten, J. J. T. I. "Influence of soil/liquid ratio on the experimental error of sorption coefficients in relation to OECD guideline 106". Proceedings of 5th international workshop on environmental behaviour of pesticides and regulatory aspects, Brussels, 26-29 April 1994.

(63) Bastide J., Cantier J. M., et Coste C., (1980), "Comportement de substances herbicides dans le sol en fonction de leur structure chimique". Weed Res. 21, pp. 227-231.

(64) Brown D. S., and Flagg E. W., (1981), "Empirical prediction of organic pollutants sorption in natural sediments". J. Environ.Qual., 10(3), pp. 382-386.

(65) Chiou C. T., Porter P. E., and Schmedding D. W., (1983), "Partition equilibria of non-ionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water". Environ. Sci. Technol., 17(4), pp. 227-231.

(66) Gerstl Z., and Mingelgrin U., (1984), "Sorption of organic substances by soils and sediments". J. Environm. Sci. Health, B19 (3), pp. 297-312.

(67) Vowles P. D., and Mantoura R. F. C., (1987), "Sediment-water partition coefficient and HPLC retention factors of aromatic hydrocarbons". Chemosphere, 16(1), pp. 109-116.

(68) Lyman W. J. , Reehl W. F.and Rosenblatt D. H. (1990). Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Environmental Behaviour of Organic Compounds. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.

(69) Keniga E. E., and Goring, C. A. I. (1980). "Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption, octanol-water partitioning and concentration of chemicals in the biota" in Aquatic Toxicology (eds J.G. Eaton, et al.), pp.78-115, ASTM STP 707, Philadelphia.

(70) Chiou C. T., Peters L. J., and Freed V. H., (1979), "a physical concept of soil-water equilibria for non-ionic organic compounds". Science, Vol. 206, pp. 831-832.

(71) Hassett J. J., Banwart W. I., Wood S. G., and Means J. C., (1981), "Sorption of /-Naphtol: implications concerning the limits of hydrophobic sorption". Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, pp. 38-42.

(72) Karickhoff S. W., (1981), "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils" Chemosphere, Vol. 10(8), pp. 833-846.

(73) Moreale A., van Bladel R., (1981), "Adsorption de 13 herbicides et insecticides par le sol. Relation solubilité-reactivité". Revue de l'Agric., 34 (4), pp. 319-322.

(74) Müller M., Kördel W. (1996), "Comparison of screening methods for the determination/estimation of adsorption coefficients on soil". Chemosphere, 32(12), pp. 2493-2504.

(75) Kördel W., Kotthoff G., Müller M. (1995), "HPLC - screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on soil - results of a ring test". Chemosphere 30 (7), pp. 1373-1384.

(76) Kördel W., Stutte J., Kotthoff G. (1993), "HPLC - screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on soil - comparison of different stationary phases" Chemosphere 27 (12), pp. 2341-2352.

(77) Hance, R. J., (1967), "The Speed of Attainment of Sorption Equilibria in Some Systems Involving Herbicides". Weed Research, Vol. 7, pp. 29-36.

(78) Koskinen W. C., and Harper S., (1990), "The retention processes: mechanisms" in Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modelling (ed. H.H. Cheng). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Series, No. 2, Madison, Wisconsin.

(79) Cohen S. Z., Creeger S. M., Carsel R. F., and Enfield C. G. (1984), "Potential pesticide contamination of groundwater from agricultural uses", in Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes, pp.297-325, ACS Symp. Ser. 259, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

(80) Giles C. H., (1970), "Interpretation and use of sorption isotherms" in Sorption and Transport Processes in Soils. S.C.I. Monograph No. 37, pp. 14-32.

(81) Giles, C. H.; McEwan J. H.; Nakhwa, S.N. and Smith, D, (1960), "Studies in adsorption: XI. a system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms and its use in the diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurements of pesticides surface areas of soils". J. Chem. Soc., pp. 3973-93.

(82) Calvet R., Tercé M., and Arvien J. C., (1980), "Adsorption des pesticides par les sols et leurs constituants: 3. Caractéristiques générales de l'adsorption". Ann. Agron. 31: pp. 239-251.

(83) Bedbur E., (1996), "Anomalies in the Freundlich equation", Proc. COST 66 Workshop, Pesticides in soil and the environment, 13-15 May 1996, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK.

(84) Guth, J. A., (1985), "Adsorption/desorption", in Joint International Symposium, Physicochemical Properties and their Role in Environmental Hazard Assessment, July 1-3, Canterbury, UK.

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.

.

Wie die nachstehende Tabelle (84) verdeutlicht, führt dann, wenn die Differenz zwischen der Anfangsmasse (m₀ = 110 µg) und der Gleichgewichtsmasse (m_aq^ads (eq) = 100 µg) der Testsubstanz sehr gering ist, eine Abweichung von 5 % bei der Messung der Gleichgewichtskonzentration zu einer Abweichung von 50 % bei der Berechnung des Gehalts der an Boden adsorbierten Substanz (m_s^ads (eq)) und von 52,4 % bei der Berechnung von K_d.

Hierin bedeuten:

*msads(eq)	=
msads (eq)	=	Masse der Testsubstanz in der Bodenphase bei Gleichgewicht, µg;
maqads(eq)	=	Masse der Testsubstanz in der wässrigen Phase bei Gleichgewicht, µg;
Csads (eq)	=	Gehalt der Testsubstanz in der Bodenphase bei Gleichgewicht, µg g-1;
Caqads (eq)	=	Massenkonzentration der Testsubstanz in der wässrigen Phase bei Gleichgewicht, µg cm-3;
R	=	Analysenfehler bei der Bestimmung der maqads (eq).
Rx	=	rechnerische Abweichung als Folge des Analysenfehlers R.

.

1. Abschätzungsverfahren gestatten eine Vorhersage von K_d ausgehend von Korrelationen mit beispielsweise P_ow -Werten (12) (39) (63-68), Wasserlöslichkeitsdaten (12) (19) (21) (39) (68-73) oder Polaritätsdaten, die mittels Anwendung von HPLC auf die entgegengesetzte Phase erhalten wurden (74-76). Wie aus den Tabellen 1 und 2 hervorgeht, ist der K_oc bzw. K_om der nach diesen Gleichungen berechnete und dann - indirekt - der K_daus den Gleichungen:

   	100				Kd		100
   Koc = Kd		( cm 3 g-1)		Kom =		·		( cm 3 g-1)
   	%oc				1,724		%oc

2. Das Konzept dieser Korrelationen stützt sich auf zwei Annahmen: (1) Der größte Einfluss auf die Adsorption einer Substanz geht von den organischen Substanzen des Bodens aus, und (2) die beteiligten Wechselbeziehungen verlaufen überwiegend nichtpolar. Daraus folgt, dass diese Korrelationen (1) nicht oder nur in gewissem Umfang auf polare Substanzen anwendbar sind und (2) nicht anwendbar sind, wenn der organische Substanzgehalt des Bodens sehr klein ist (12). Darüber hinaus sind zwar zufriedenstellende Korrelationen zwischen Pow und Adsorption (19) festgestellt worden, doch für die Beziehung zwischen der Wasserlöslichkeit und dem Umfang der Adsorption ist dies nicht der Fall (19) (21); in diesem Punkt kommen die Studien zu äußerst widersprüchlichen Aussagen .
3. Beispielhafte Korrelationen zwischen dem Adsorptionskoeffizienten und dem Octanol-Wasser-Verteilungskoeffizienten sowie die Wasserlöslichkeit sind in Tabelle 1 bzw. 2 aufgeführt.

Tabelle 1. Beispielhafte Korrelationen zwischen dem Adsorptionsverteilungskoeffizienten und dem Octanol-WasserVerteilungskoeffizienten; weitere Beispiele siehe (12) (68).

Tabelle 2. Beispielhafte Korrelationen zwischen dem Adsorptionsverteilungskoeffizienten und der Wasserlöslichkeit; weitere Beispiele siehe (68) (69).

weiter .